十年网站开发经验 + 多家企业客户 + 靠谱的建站团队
量身定制 + 运营维护+专业推广+无忧售后,网站问题一站解决
kubernetes中涉及很多概念,包含云生态社区中各类技术,学习成本比较高,k8s中通常以编写yaml文件完成资源的部署,对于较多入门的人来说是个较高的门坎,本文以命令行的形式代理大家快速入门,俯瞰kubernetes核心概念,快速入门。
成都创新互联一直通过网站建设和网站营销帮助企业获得更多客户资源。 以"深度挖掘,量身打造,注重实效"的一站式服务,以做网站、成都网站建设、移动互联产品、成都营销网站建设服务为核心业务。十余年网站制作的经验,使用新网站建设技术,全新开发出的标准网站,不但价格便宜而且实用、灵活,特别适合中小公司网站制作。网站管理系统简单易用,维护方便,您可以完全操作网站资料,是中小公司快速网站建设的选择。
kubernetes是一个开源的容器引擎管理平台,实现容器化应用的自动化部署,任务调度,弹性伸缩,负载均衡等功能,cluster是由master和node两种角色组成,其中master负责管理集群,master节点由kube-apiserver,kube-controller-manager,kube-scheduler,etcd角色组成,node节点运行实际的应用,由Container Runtime,kubelet和kube-proxy组成,其中Container Runtime可能是Docker,rke,containerd,node节点可由物理机或者虚拟机组成。
1、查看master组件角色
[root@node-1 ~]# kubectl get componentstatuses
NAME STATUS MESSAGE ERROR
scheduler Healthy ok
controller-manager Healthy ok
etcd-0 Healthy {"health":"true"}
2、 查看node节点列表
[root@node-1 ~]# kubectl get nodes
NAME STATUS ROLES AGE VERSION
node-1 Ready master 26h v1.14.1
node-2 Ready 26h v1.14.1
node-3 Ready 26h v1.14.1
3、查看node节点详情
[root@node-1 ~]# kubectl describe node node-3
Name: node-3
Roles:
Labels: beta.kubernetes.io/arch=amd64。#标签和Annotations
beta.kubernetes.io/os=linux
kubernetes.io/arch=amd64
kubernetes.io/hostname=node-3
kubernetes.io/os=linux
Annotations: flannel.alpha.coreos.com/backend-data: {"VtepMAC":"22:f8:75:bb:da:4e"}
flannel.alpha.coreos.com/backend-type: vxlan
flannel.alpha.coreos.com/kube-subnet-manager: true
flannel.alpha.coreos.com/public-ip: 10.254.100.103
kubeadm.alpha.kubernetes.io/cri-socket: /var/run/dockershim.sock
node.alpha.kubernetes.io/ttl: 0
volumes.kubernetes.io/controller-managed-attach-detach: true
CreationTimestamp: Sat, 10 Aug 2019 17:50:00 +0800
Taints:
Unschedulable: false。#是否禁用调度,cordon命令控制的标识位。
Conditions: #资源调度能力,MemoryPressure内存是否有压力(即内存不足)
#DiskPressure磁盘压力
#PIDPressure磁盘压力
#Ready,是否就绪,表明节点是否处于正常工作状态,表示资源充足+相关进程状态正常
Type Status LastHeartbeatTime LastTransitionTime Reason Message
---- ------ ----------------- ------------------ ------ -------
MemoryPressure False Sun, 11 Aug 2019 20:32:07 +0800 Sat, 10 Aug 2019 17:50:00 +0800 KubeletHasSufficientMemory kubelet has sufficient memory available
DiskPressure False Sun, 11 Aug 2019 20:32:07 +0800 Sat, 10 Aug 2019 17:50:00 +0800 KubeletHasNoDiskPressure kubelet has no disk pressure
PIDPressure False Sun, 11 Aug 2019 20:32:07 +0800 Sat, 10 Aug 2019 17:50:00 +0800 KubeletHasSufficientPID kubelet has sufficient PID available
Ready True Sun, 11 Aug 2019 20:32:07 +0800 Sat, 10 Aug 2019 18:04:20 +0800 KubeletReady kubelet is posting ready status
Addresses: #地址和主机名
InternalIP: 10.254.100.103
Hostname: node-3
Capacity: #容器的资源容量
cpu: 2
ephemeral-storage: 51473868Ki
hugepages-2Mi: 0
memory: 3880524Ki
pods: 110
Allocatable: #已分配资源情况
cpu: 2
ephemeral-storage: 47438316671
hugepages-2Mi: 0
memory: 3778124Ki
pods: 110
System Info: #系统信息,如内核版本,操作系统版本,cpu架构,node节点软件版本
Machine ID: 0ea734564f9a4e2881b866b82d679dfc
System UUID: D98ECAB1-2D9E-41CC-9A5E-51A44DC5BB97
Boot ID: 6ec81f5b-cb05-4322-b47a-a8e046d9bf79
Kernel Version: 3.10.0-957.el7.x86_64
OS Image: CentOS Linux 7 (Core)
Operating System: linux
Architecture: amd64
Container Runtime Version: docker://18.3.1 . #Container Runtime为docker,版本为18.3.1
Kubelet Version: v1.14.1 #kubelet版本
Kube-Proxy Version: v1.14.1 #kube-proxy版本
PodCIDR: 10.244.2.0/24 #pod使用的网络
Non-terminated Pods: (4 in total)。 #下面是每个pod资源占用情况
Namespace Name CPU Requests CPU Limits Memory Requests Memory Limits AGE
--------- ---- ------------ ---------- --------------- ------------- ---
kube-system coreDNS-fb8b8dccf-hrqm8 100m (5%) 0 (0%) 70Mi (1%) 170Mi (4%) 26h
kube-system coredns-fb8b8dccf-qwwks 100m (5%) 0 (0%) 70Mi (1%) 170Mi (4%) 26h
kube-system kube-flannel-ds-amd64-zzm2g 100m (5%) 100m (5%) 50Mi (1%) 50Mi (1%) 26h
kube-system kube-proxy-x8zqh 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 26h
Allocated resources: #已分配资源情况
(Total limits may be over 100 percent, i.e., overcommitted.)
Resource Requests Limits
-------- -------- ------
cpu 300m (15%) 100m (5%)
memory 190Mi (5%) 390Mi (10%)
ephemeral-storage 0 (0%) 0 (0%)
Events:
kubernetes是容器编排引擎,其负责容器的调度,管理和容器的运行,但kubernetes调度最小单位并非是container,而是pod,pod中可包含多个container,通常集群中不会直接运行pod,而是通过各种控制器如Deployments,ReplicaSets,DaemonSets的方式运行,为啥?因为控制器能够保证pod状态的一致性,正如官方所描述的一样“make sure the current state match to the desire state”,确保当前状态和预期的一致,简单来说就是pod异常了,控制器会在其他节点重建,确保集群当前运行的pod和预期设定的一致。
kubernetes中pod是实际运行的载体,pod依附于node中,node可能会出现故障,kubernetes的控制器如replicasets会在其他node上重新拉起一个pod,新的pod会分配一个新的IP;再者,应用部署时会包含多个副本replicas,如同个应用deployments部署了3个pod副本,pod相当于后端的Real Server,如何实现这三个应用访问呢?对于这种情况,我们一般会在Real Server前面加一个负载均衡Load Balancer,service就是pod的负载均衡调度器,service将动态的pod抽象为一个服务,应用程序直接访问service即可,service会自动将请求转发到后端的pod。负责service转发规则有两种机制:iptables和ipvs,iptables通过设置DNAT等规则实现负载均衡,ipvs通过ipvsadm设置转发规。
根据服务不同的访问方式,service分为如下几种类型:ClusterIP,NodePort,LoadBalancer和_ExternalName,可通过type设置。
ExternalName,通过服务名字暴露服务名,当前可由ingress实现,将外部的请求以域名转发的形式转发到集群,需要依附具体的外部实现,如nginx,traefik,各大云计算厂商实现接入细节。
pod是动态变化的,ip地址可能会变化(如node故障),副本数可能会变化,如应用扩展scale up,应用锁容scale down等,service如何识别到pod的动态变化呢?答案是labels,通过labels自动会过滤出某个应用的Endpoints,当pod变化时会自动更新Endpoints,不同的应用会有由不同的label组成。labels相关可以参考下https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/overview/working-with-objects/labels/
我们开始部署一个应用即deployments,kubernetes中包含各种workload如无状态话的Deployments,有状态化的StatefulSets,守护进程的DaemonSets,美中workload对应不同的应用场景,我们先以Deployments为例入门,其他workload均以此类似,一般而言,在kubernetes中部署应用均以yaml文件方式部署,对于初学者而言,编写yaml文件太冗长,不适合初学,我们先kubectl命令行方式实现API的接入。
1、部署nginx应用,部署三个副本
[root@node-1 ~]# kubectl run nginx-app-demo --image=nginx:1.7.9 --port=80 --replicas=3
kubectl run --generator=deployment/apps.v1 is DEPRECATED and will be removed in a future version. Use kubectl run --generator=run-pod/v1 or kubectl create instead.
deployment.apps/nginx-app-demo created
2、查看应用列表,可以看到当前pod的状态均已正常,Ready是当前状态,AVAILABLE是目标状态
[root@node-1 ~]# kubectl get deployments
NAME READY UP-TO-DATE AVAILABLE AGE
nginx-app-demo 3/3 3 3 72s
3、查看应用的详细信息,如下我们可以知道Deployments是通过ReplicaSets控制副本数的,由Replicaset控制pod数
[root@node-1 ~]# kubectl describe deployments nginx-app-demo
Name: nginx-app-demo #应用名称
Namespace: default #命名空间
CreationTimestamp: Sun, 11 Aug 2019 21:52:32 +0800
Labels: run=nginx-app-demo #labels,很重要,后续service通过labels实现访问
Annotations: deployment.kubernetes.io/revision: 1 #滚动升级版本号
Selector: run=nginx-app-demo #labels的选择器selector
Replicas: 3 desired | 3 updated | 3 total | 3 available | 0 unavailable #副本控制器
StrategyType: RollingUpdate #升级策略为RollingUpdate
MinReadySeconds: 0
RollingUpdateStrategy: 25% max unavailable, 25% max surge #RollingUpdate升级策略,即最大不超过25%的pod
Pod Template: #容器应用模版,包含镜像,port,存储等
Labels: run=nginx-app-demo
Containers:
nginx-app-demo:
Image: nginx:1.7.9
Port: 80/TCP
Host Port: 0/TCP
Environment:
Mounts:
Volumes:
Conditions: #当前状态
Type Status Reason
---- ------ ------
Available True MinimumReplicasAvailable
Progressing True NewReplicaSetAvailable
OldReplicaSets:
NewReplicaSet: nginx-app-demo-7bdfd97dcd (3/3 replicas created) #ReplicaSets控制器名称
Events: #运行事件
Type Reason Age From Message
---- ------ ---- ---- -------
Normal ScalingReplicaSet 3m24s deployment-controller Scaled up replica set nginx-app-demo-7bdfd97dcd to 3
4、查看replicasets情况,通过查看可知replicasets副本控制器生成了三个pod
1. 查看replicasets列表
[root@node-1 ~]# kubectl get replicasets
NAME DESIRED CURRENT READY AGE
nginx-app-demo-7bdfd97dcd 3 3 3 9m9s
2. 查看replicasets详情
[root@node-1 ~]# kubectl describe replicasets nginx-app-demo-7bdfd97dcd
Name: nginx-app-demo-7bdfd97dcd
Namespace: default
Selector: pod-template-hash=7bdfd97dcd,run=nginx-app-demo
Labels: pod-template-hash=7bdfd97dcd #labels,增加了一个hash的label识别replicasets
run=nginx-app-demo
Annotations: deployment.kubernetes.io/desired-replicas: 3 #滚动升级的信息,副本树,最大数,应用版本
deployment.kubernetes.io/max-replicas: 4
deployment.kubernetes.io/revision: 1
Controlled By: Deployment/nginx-app-demo #副本的父控制,为nginx-app-demo这个Deployments
Replicas: 3 current / 3 desired
Pods Status: 3 Running / 0 Waiting / 0 Succeeded / 0 Failed
Pod Template: #容器模板,继承于deployments
Labels: pod-template-hash=7bdfd97dcd
run=nginx-app-demo
Containers:
nginx-app-demo:
Image: nginx:1.7.9
Port: 80/TCP
Host Port: 0/TCP
Environment:
Mounts:
Volumes:
Events: #事件日志,生成了三个不同的pod
Type Reason Age From Message
---- ------ ---- ---- -------
Normal SuccessfulCreate 9m25s replicaset-controller Created pod: nginx-app-demo-7bdfd97dcd-hsrft
Normal SuccessfulCreate 9m25s replicaset-controller Created pod: nginx-app-demo-7bdfd97dcd-qtbzd
Normal SuccessfulCreate 9m25s replicaset-controller Created pod: nginx-app-demo-7bdfd97dcd-7t72x
5、查看pod的情况,实际应用部署的载体,pod中部署了一个nginx的容器并分配了一个ip,可通过该ip直接访问应用
1. 查看pod的列表,和replicasets生成的名称一致
[root@node-1 ~]# kubectl get pods
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
nginx-app-demo-7bdfd97dcd-7t72x 1/1 Running 0 13m
nginx-app-demo-7bdfd97dcd-hsrft 1/1 Running 0 13m
nginx-app-demo-7bdfd97dcd-qtbzd 1/1 Running 0 13m
查看pod的详情
[root@node-1 ~]# kubectl describe pods nginx-app-demo-7bdfd97dcd-7t72x
Name: nginx-app-demo-7bdfd97dcd-7t72x
Namespace: default
Priority: 0
PriorityClassName:
Node: node-3/10.254.100.103
Start Time: Sun, 11 Aug 2019 21:52:32 +0800
Labels: pod-template-hash=7bdfd97dcd #labels名称
run=nginx-app-demo
Annotations:
Status: Running
IP: 10.244.2.4 #pod的ip地址
Controlled By: ReplicaSet/nginx-app-demo-7bdfd97dcd #副本控制器为replicasets
Containers: #容器的信息,包括容器id,镜像,丢按扣,状态,环境变量等信息
nginx-app-demo:
Container ID: docker://5a0e5560583c5929e9768487cef43b045af4c6d3b7b927d9daf181cb28867766
Image: nginx:1.7.9
Image ID: docker-pullable://nginx@sha256:e3456c851a152494c3e4ff5fcc26f240206abac0c9d794affb40e0714846c451
Port: 80/TCP
Host Port: 0/TCP
State: Running
Started: Sun, 11 Aug 2019 21:52:40 +0800
Ready: True
Restart Count: 0
Environment:
Mounts:
/var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount from default-token-txhkc (ro)
Conditions: #容器的状态条件
Type Status
Initialized True
Ready True
ContainersReady True
PodScheduled True
Volumes: #容器卷
default-token-txhkc:
Type: Secret (a volume populated by a Secret)
SecretName: default-token-txhkc
Optional: false
QoS Class: BestEffort #QOS类型
Node-Selectors: #污点类型
Tolerations: node.kubernetes.io/not-ready:NoExecute for 300s
node.kubernetes.io/unreachable:NoExecute for 300s
Events: #事件状态,拉镜像,启动容器
Type Reason Age From Message
---- ------ ---- ---- -------
Normal Scheduled 14m default-scheduler Successfully assigned default/nginx-app-demo-7bdfd97dcd-7t72x to node-3
Normal Pulling 14m kubelet, node-3 Pulling image "nginx:1.7.9"
Normal Pulled 14m kubelet, node-3 Successfully pulled image "nginx:1.7.9"
Normal Created 14m kubelet, node-3 Created container nginx-app-demo
Normal Started 14m kubelet, node-3 Started container nginx-app-demo
kubernetes为每个pod都分配了一个ip地址,可通过该地址直接访问应用,相当于访问RS,但一个应用是一个整体,由多个副本数组成,需要依赖于service来实现应用的负载均衡,service我们探讨ClusterIP和NodePort的访问方式。
1、设置pod的内容,为了方便区分,我们将三个pod的nginx站点内容设置为不同,以观察负载均衡的效果
查看pod列表
[root@node-1 ~]# kubectl get pods
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
nginx-app-demo-7bdfd97dcd-7t72x 1/1 Running 0 28m
nginx-app-demo-7bdfd97dcd-hsrft 1/1 Running 0 28m
nginx-app-demo-7bdfd97dcd-qtbzd 1/1 Running 0 28m
进入pod容器中
[root@node-1 ~]# kubectl exec -it nginx-app-demo-7bdfd97dcd-7t72x /bin/bash
设置站点内容
[root@nginx-app-demo-7bdfd97dcd-7t72x:/# echo "web1" >/usr/share/nginx/html/index.html
以此类推设置另外两个pod的内容为web2和web3
[root@nginx-app-demo-7bdfd97dcd-hsrft:/# echo web2 >/usr/share/nginx/html/index.html
[root@nginx-app-demo-7bdfd97dcd-qtbzd:/# echo web3 >/usr/share/nginx/html/index.html
2、获取pod的ip地址,如何快速获取pod的ip地址呢,可以通过-o wide参数显示更多的内容,会包含pod所属node和ip
[root@node-1 ~]# kubectl get pods -o wide
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE IP NODE NOMINATED NODE READINESS GATES
nginx-app-demo-7bdfd97dcd-7t72x 1/1 Running 0 34m 10.244.2.4 node-3
nginx-app-demo-7bdfd97dcd-hsrft 1/1 Running 0 34m 10.244.1.2 node-2
nginx-app-demo-7bdfd97dcd-qtbzd 1/1 Running 0 34m 10.244.1.3 node-2
3、访问pod的ip,查看站点内容,不同的pod站点内容和上述步骤设置一致。
[root@node-1 ~]# curl http://10.244.2.4
web1
[root@node-1 ~]# curl http://10.244.1.2
web2
[root@node-1 ~]# curl http://10.244.1.3
web3
通过pod的ip直接访问应用,对于单个pod的应用可以实现,对于多个副本replicas的应用则不符合要求,需要通过service来实现负载均衡,service需要设置不同的type,默认为ClusterIP即集群内部访问,如下通过expose子命令将服务暴露到service。
1、暴露service,其中port表示代理监听端口,target-port代表是容器的端口,type设置的是service的类型
[root@node-1 ~]# kubectl expose deployment nginx-app-demo --name nginx-service-demo \
--port=80 \
--protocol=TCP \
--target-port=80 \
--type ClusterIP
service/nginx-service-demo exposed
2、查看service的详情,可以看到service通过labels选择器selector自动将pod的ip生成endpoints
查看service列表,显示有两个,kubernetes为默认集群创建的service
[root@node-1 ~]# kubectl get services
NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE
kubernetes ClusterIP 10.96.0.1 443/TCP 29h
nginx-service-demo ClusterIP 10.102.1.1 80/TCP 2m54s
查看service详情,可以看到Labels的Seletor和前面Deployments设置一致,Endpoints将pod组成一个列表
[root@node-1 ~]# kubectl describe services nginx-service-demo
Name: nginx-service-demo #名称
Namespace: default #命名空间
Labels: run=nginx-app-demo #标签名称
Annotations:
Selector: run=nginx-app-demo #标签选择器
Type: ClusterIP #service类型为ClusterIP
IP: 10.102.1.1 #服务的ip,即vip,集群内部会自动分配一个
Port: 80/TCP #服务端口,即ClusterIP对外访问的端口
TargetPort: 80/TCP #容器端口
Endpoints: 10.244.1.2:80,10.244.1.3:80,10.244.2.4:80 #访问地址列表
Session Affinity: None #负载均衡调度算法
Events:
3、访问service的地址,可以访问的内容可知,service自动实现了pods的负载均衡,调度策略为轮询,为何?因为service默认的调度策略Session Affinity为None,即是轮训,可以设置为ClientIP,实现会话保持,相同客户端IP的请求会调度到相同的pod上。
[root@node-1 ~]# curl http://10.102.1.1
web3
[root@node-1 ~]# curl http://10.102.1.1
web1
[root@node-1 ~]# curl http://10.102.1.1
web2
[root@node-1 ~]# curl http://10.102.1.1
4、ClusterIP原理深入剖析,service后端实现有两种机制:iptables和ipvs,环境安装采用iptables,iptables通过nat的链生成访问规则,KUBE-SVC-R5Y5DZHD7Q6DDTFZ为入站DNAT转发规则,KUBE-MARK-MASQ为出站转发
[root@node-1 ~]# iptables -t nat -L -n
Chain KUBE-SERVICES (2 references)
target prot opt source destination
KUBE-MARK-MASQ tcp -- !10.244.0.0/16 10.102.1.1 /* default/nginx-service-demo: cluster IP */ tcp dpt:80
KUBE-SVC-R5Y5DZHD7Q6DDTFZ tcp -- 0.0.0.0/0 10.102.1.1 /* default/nginx-service-demo: cluster IP */ tcp dpt:80
出站:KUBE-MARK-MASQ源地址段不是10.244.0.0/16访问10.102.1.1的目标端口80时,将请求转发给KUBE-MARK-MASQ链
入站:KUBE-SVC-R5Y5DZHD7Q6DDTFZ任意原地址访问目标10.102.1.1的目标端口80时将请求转发给KUBE-SVC-R5Y5DZHD7Q6DDTFZ链
5、查看入站请求规则,入站请求规则将会映射到不同的链,不同链将会转发到不同pod的ip上。
1. 查看入站规则KUBE-SVC-R5Y5DZHD7Q6DDTFZ,请求将转发至三条链
[root@node-1 ~]# iptables -t nat -L KUBE-SVC-R5Y5DZHD7Q6DDTFZ -n
Chain KUBE-SVC-R5Y5DZHD7Q6DDTFZ (1 references)
target prot opt source destination
KUBE-SEP-DSWLUQNR4UPH24AX all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 statistic mode random probability 0.33332999982
KUBE-SEP-56SLMGHHOILJT36K all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 statistic mode random probability 0.50000000000
KUBE-SEP-K6G4Z74HQYF6X7SI all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0
2. 查看实际转发的三条链的规则,实际映射到不同的pod的ip地址上
[root@node-1 ~]# iptables -t nat -L KUBE-SEP-DSWLUQNR4UPH24AX -n
Chain KUBE-SEP-DSWLUQNR4UPH24AX (1 references)
target prot opt source destination
KUBE-MARK-MASQ all -- 10.244.1.2 0.0.0.0/0
DNAT tcp -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 tcp to:10.244.1.2:80
[root@node-1 ~]# iptables -t nat -L KUBE-SEP-56SLMGHHOILJT36K -n
Chain KUBE-SEP-56SLMGHHOILJT36K (1 references)
target prot opt source destination
KUBE-MARK-MASQ all -- 10.244.1.3 0.0.0.0/0
DNAT tcp -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 tcp to:10.244.1.3:80
[root@node-1 ~]# iptables -t nat -L KUBE-SEP-K6G4Z74HQYF6X7SI -n
Chain KUBE-SEP-K6G4Z74HQYF6X7SI (1 references)
target prot opt source destination
KUBE-MARK-MASQ all -- 10.244.2.4 0.0.0.0/0
DNAT tcp -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 tcp to:10.244.2.4:80
Service通过ClusterIP只能提供集群内部的应用访问,外部无法直接访问应用,如果需要外部访问有如下几种方式:NodePort,LoadBalancer和Ingress,其中LoadBalancer需要由云服务提供商实现,Ingress需要安装单独的Ingress Controller,日常测试可以通过NodePort的方式实现,NodePort可以将node的某个端口暴露给外部网络访问。
1、修改type的类型由ClusterIP修改为NodePort类型(或者重新创建,指定type的类型为NodePort)
1. 通过patch修改type的类型
[root@node-1 ~]# kubectl patch services nginx-service-demo -p '{"spec":{"type": "NodePort"}}'
service/nginx-service-demo patched
2. 确认yaml文件配置,分配了一个NodePort端口,即每个node上都会监听该端口
[root@node-1 ~]# kubectl get services nginx-service-demo -o yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
creationTimestamp: "2019-08-11T14:35:59Z"
labels:
run: nginx-app-demo
name: nginx-service-demo
namespace: default
resourceVersion: "157676"
selfLink: /api/v1/namespaces/default/services/nginx-service-demo
uid: 55e29b78-bc45-11e9-b073-525400490421
spec:
clusterIP: 10.102.1.1
externalTrafficPolicy: Cluster
ports:
- nodePort: 32416 #自动分配了一个NodePort端口
port: 80
protocol: TCP
targetPort: 80
selector:
run: nginx-app-demo
sessionAffinity: None
type: NodePort #类型修改为NodePort
status:
loadBalancer: {}
3. 查看service列表,可以知道service的type已经修改为NodePort,同时还保留ClusterIP的访问IP
[root@node-1 ~]# kubectl get services
NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE
kubernetes ClusterIP 10.96.0.1 443/TCP 30h
nginx-service-demo NodePort 10.102.1.1 80:32416/TCP 68m
2、通过NodePort访问应用程序,每个node的地址相当于vip,可以实现相同的负载均衡效果,同时CluserIP功能依可用
1. NodePort的负载均衡
[root@node-1 ~]# curl http://node-1:32416
web1
[root@node-1 ~]# curl http://node-2:32416
web1
[root@node-1 ~]# curl http://node-3:32416
web1
[root@node-1 ~]# curl http://node-3:32416
web3
[root@node-1 ~]# curl http://node-3:32416
web2
2. ClusterIP的负载均衡
[root@node-1 ~]# curl http://10.102.1.1
web2
[root@node-1 ~]# curl http://10.102.1.1
web1
[root@node-1 ~]# curl http://10.102.1.1
web1
[root@node-1 ~]# curl http://10.102.1.1
web3
3、NodePort转发原理,每个node上通过kube-proxy监听NodePort的端口,由后端的iptables实现端口的转发
1. NodePort监听端口
[root@node-1 ~]# netstat -antupl |grep 32416
tcp6 0 0 :::32416 :::* LISTEN 32052/kube-proxy
2. 查看nat表的转发规则,有两条规则KUBE-MARK-MASQ出口和KUBE-SVC-R5Y5DZHD7Q6DDTFZ入站方向。
Chain KUBE-NODEPORTS (1 references)
target prot opt source destination
KUBE-MARK-MASQ tcp -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 /* default/nginx-service-demo: */ tcp dpt:32416
KUBE-SVC-R5Y5DZHD7Q6DDTFZ tcp -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 /* default/nginx-service-demo: */ tcp dpt:32416
3. 查看入站的请求规则链KUBE-SVC-R5Y5DZHD7Q6DDTFZ
[root@node-1 ~]# iptables -t nat -L KUBE-SVC-R5Y5DZHD7Q6DDTFZ -n
Chain KUBE-SVC-R5Y5DZHD7Q6DDTFZ (2 references)
target prot opt source destination
KUBE-SEP-DSWLUQNR4UPH24AX all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 statistic mode random probability 0.33332999982
KUBE-SEP-56SLMGHHOILJT36K all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 statistic mode random probability 0.50000000000
KUBE-SEP-K6G4Z74HQYF6X7SI all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0
4. 继续查看转发链,包含有DNAT转发和KUBE-MARK-MASQ和出站返回的规则
[root@node-1 ~]# iptables -t nat -L KUBE-SEP-DSWLUQNR4UPH24AX -n
Chain KUBE-SEP-DSWLUQNR4UPH24AX (1 references)
target prot opt source destination
KUBE-MARK-MASQ all -- 10.244.1.2 0.0.0.0/0
DNAT tcp -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 tcp to:10.244.1.2:80
[root@node-1 ~]# iptables -t nat -L KUBE-SEP-56SLMGHHOILJT36K -n
Chain KUBE-SEP-56SLMGHHOILJT36K (1 references)
target prot opt source destination
KUBE-MARK-MASQ all -- 10.244.1.3 0.0.0.0/0
DNAT tcp -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 tcp to:10.244.1.3:80
[root@node-1 ~]# iptables -t nat -L KUBE-SEP-K6G4Z74HQYF6X7SI -n
Chain KUBE-SEP-K6G4Z74HQYF6X7SI (1 references)
target prot opt source destination
KUBE-MARK-MASQ all -- 10.244.2.4 0.0.0.0/0
DNAT tcp -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 tcp to:10.244.2.4:80
当应用程序的负载比较高无法满足应用请求时,一般我们会通过扩展RS的数量来实现,在kubernetes中,扩展RS实际上通过扩展副本数replicas来实现,扩展RS非常便利,快速实现弹性伸缩。kubernets能提供两种方式的伸缩能力:1. 手动伸缩能力scale up和scale down,2. 动态的弹性伸缩horizontalpodautoscalers,基于CPU的利用率实现自动的弹性伸缩,需要依赖与监控组件如metrics server,当前未实现,后续再做深入探讨,本文以手动的scale的方式扩展应用的副本数。
1、手动扩展副本数
[root@node-1 ~]# kubectl scale --replicas=4 deployment nginx-app-demo
deployment.extensions/nginx-app-demo scaled
2、查看副本扩展情况,deployments自动部署一个应用
[root@node-1 ~]# kubectl get deployments
NAME READY UP-TO-DATE AVAILABLE AGE
nginx-app-demo 4/4 4 4 133m
3、此时service的情况会怎样呢?查看service详情,新扩展的pod会自动更新到service的endpoints中,自动服务发现
查看service详情
[root@node-1 ~]# kubectl describe services nginx-service-demo
Name: nginx-service-demo
Namespace: default
Labels: run=nginx-app-demo
Annotations:
Selector: run=nginx-app-demo
Type: NodePort
IP: 10.102.1.1
Port: 80/TCP
TargetPort: 80/TCP
NodePort: 32416/TCP
Endpoints: 10.244.1.2:80,10.244.1.3:80,10.244.2.4:80 + 1 more...#地址已自动加入
Session Affinity: None
External Traffic Policy: Cluster
Events:
查看endpioints详情
[root@node-1 ~]# kubectl describe endpoints nginx-service-demo
Name: nginx-service-demo
Namespace: default
Labels: run=nginx-app-demo
Annotations: endpoints.kubernetes.io/last-change-trigger-time: 2019-08-11T16:04:56Z
Subsets:
Addresses: 10.244.1.2,10.244.1.3,10.244.2.4,10.244.2.5
NotReadyAddresses:
Ports:
Name Port Protocol
---- ---- --------
80 TCP
Events:
4、测试,将新加入的pod站点内容设置为web4,参考前面的设置方法,测试service的ip,查看负载均衡效果
[root@node-1 ~]# curl http://10.102.1.1
web4
[root@node-1 ~]# curl http://10.102.1.1
web4
[root@node-1 ~]# curl http://10.102.1.1
web2
[root@node-1 ~]# curl http://10.102.1.1
web3
[root@node-1 ~]# curl http://10.102.1.1
web1
[root@node-1 ~]# curl http://10.102.1.1
web2
[root@node-1 ~]# curl http://10.102.1.1
web1
由此可知,弹性伸缩会自动自动加入到service中实现服务自动发现和负载均衡,应用的扩展相比于传统应用快速非常多。
在kubernetes中更新应用程序时可以将应用程序打包到镜像中,然后更新应用程序的镜像以实现升级。默认Deployments的升级策略为RollingUpdate,其每次会更新应用中的25%的pod,新建新的pod逐个替换,防止应用程序在升级过程中不可用。同时,如果应用程序升级过程中失败,还可以通过回滚的方式将应用程序回滚到之前的状态,回滚时通过replicasets的方式实现。
1、更换nginx的镜像,将应用升级至最新版本,打开另外一个窗口使用kubectl get pods -w观察升级过程
[root@node-1 ~]# kubectl set image deployments/nginx-app-demo nginx-app-demo=nginx:latest
deployment.extensions/nginx-app-demo image updated
2、观察升级过程,通过查看可知,升级过程中是通过新建+删除的方式逐个替换pod的方式
[root@node-1 ~]# kubectl get pods -w
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
nginx-app-demo-7bdfd97dcd-7t72x 1/1 Running 0 145m
nginx-app-demo-7bdfd97dcd-hsrft 1/1 Running 0 145m
nginx-app-demo-7bdfd97dcd-j6lgd 1/1 Running 0 12m
nginx-app-demo-7bdfd97dcd-qtbzd 1/1 Running 0 145m
nginx-app-demo-5cc8746f96-xsxz4 0/1 Pending 0 0s #新建一个pod
nginx-app-demo-5cc8746f96-xsxz4 0/1 Pending 0 0s
nginx-app-demo-7bdfd97dcd-j6lgd 1/1 Terminating 0 14m #删除旧的pod,替换
nginx-app-demo-5cc8746f96-xsxz4 0/1 ContainerCreating 0 0s
nginx-app-demo-5cc8746f96-s49nv 0/1 Pending 0 0s #新建第二个pod
nginx-app-demo-5cc8746f96-s49nv 0/1 Pending 0 0s
nginx-app-demo-5cc8746f96-s49nv 0/1 ContainerCreating 0 0s
nginx-app-demo-7bdfd97dcd-j6lgd 0/1 Terminating 0 14m #更换第二个pod
nginx-app-demo-5cc8746f96-s49nv 1/1 Running 0 7s
nginx-app-demo-7bdfd97dcd-qtbzd 1/1 Terminating 0 146m
nginx-app-demo-5cc8746f96-txjqh 0/1 Pending 0 0s
nginx-app-demo-5cc8746f96-txjqh 0/1 Pending 0 0s
nginx-app-demo-5cc8746f96-txjqh 0/1 ContainerCreating 0 0s
nginx-app-demo-7bdfd97dcd-j6lgd 0/1 Terminating 0 14m
nginx-app-demo-7bdfd97dcd-j6lgd 0/1 Terminating 0 14m
nginx-app-demo-5cc8746f96-xsxz4 1/1 Running 0 9s
nginx-app-demo-5cc8746f96-txjqh 1/1 Running 0 1s
nginx-app-demo-7bdfd97dcd-hsrft 1/1 Terminating 0 146m
nginx-app-demo-7bdfd97dcd-qtbzd 0/1 Terminating 0 146m
nginx-app-demo-5cc8746f96-rcpmw 0/1 Pending 0 0s
nginx-app-demo-5cc8746f96-rcpmw 0/1 Pending 0 0s
nginx-app-demo-5cc8746f96-rcpmw 0/1 ContainerCreating 0 0s
nginx-app-demo-7bdfd97dcd-7t72x 1/1 Terminating 0 146m
nginx-app-demo-7bdfd97dcd-7t72x 0/1 Terminating 0 147m
nginx-app-demo-7bdfd97dcd-hsrft 0/1 Terminating 0 147m
nginx-app-demo-7bdfd97dcd-hsrft 0/1 Terminating 0 147m
nginx-app-demo-5cc8746f96-rcpmw 1/1 Running 0 2s
nginx-app-demo-7bdfd97dcd-7t72x 0/1 Terminating 0 147m
nginx-app-demo-7bdfd97dcd-7t72x 0/1 Terminating 0 147m
nginx-app-demo-7bdfd97dcd-hsrft 0/1 Terminating 0 147m
nginx-app-demo-7bdfd97dcd-hsrft 0/1 Terminating 0 147m
nginx-app-demo-7bdfd97dcd-qtbzd 0/1 Terminating 0 147m
nginx-app-demo-7bdfd97dcd-qtbzd 0/1 Terminating 0 147m
3、再次查看deployments的详情可知道,deployments已经更换了新的replicasets,原来的replicasets的版本为1,可用于回滚。
[root@node-1 ~]# kubectl describe deployments nginx-app-demo
Name: nginx-app-demo
Namespace: default
CreationTimestamp: Sun, 11 Aug 2019 21:52:32 +0800
Labels: run=nginx-app-demo
Annotations: deployment.kubernetes.io/revision: 2 #新的版本号,用于回滚
Selector: run=nginx-app-demo
Replicas: 4 desired | 4 updated | 4 total | 4 available | 0 unavailable
StrategyType: RollingUpdate
MinReadySeconds: 0
RollingUpdateStrategy: 25% max unavailable, 25% max surge
Pod Template:
Labels: run=nginx-app-demo
Containers:
nginx-app-demo:
Image: nginx:latest
Port: 80/TCP
Host Port: 0/TCP
Environment:
Mounts:
Volumes:
Conditions:
Type Status Reason
---- ------ ------
Available True MinimumReplicasAvailable
Progressing True NewReplicaSetAvailable
OldReplicaSets:
NewReplicaSet: nginx-app-demo-5cc8746f96 (4/4 replicas created) #新的replicaset,实际是替换新的replicasets
Events:
Type Reason Age From Message
---- ------ ---- ---- -------
Normal ScalingReplicaSet 19m deployment-controller Scaled up replica set nginx-app-demo-7bdfd97dcd to 4
Normal ScalingReplicaSet 4m51s deployment-controller Scaled up replica set nginx-app-demo-5cc8746f96 to 1
Normal ScalingReplicaSet 4m51s deployment-controller Scaled down replica set nginx-app-demo-7bdfd97dcd to 3
Normal ScalingReplicaSet 4m51s deployment-controller Scaled up replica set nginx-app-demo-5cc8746f96 to 2
Normal ScalingReplicaSet 4m43s deployment-controller Scaled down replica set nginx-app-demo-7bdfd97dcd to 2
Normal ScalingReplicaSet 4m43s deployment-controller Scaled up replica set nginx-app-demo-5cc8746f96 to 3
Normal ScalingReplicaSet 4m42s deployment-controller Scaled down replica set nginx-app-demo-7bdfd97dcd to 1
Normal ScalingReplicaSet 4m42s deployment-controller Scaled up replica set nginx-app-demo-5cc8746f96 to 4
Normal ScalingReplicaSet 4m42s deployment-controller Scaled down replica set nginx-app-demo-7bdfd97dcd to 0
4、查看滚动升级的版本,可以看到有两个版本,分别对应的两个不同的replicasets
[root@node-1 ~]# kubectl rollout history deployment nginx-app-demo
deployment.extensions/nginx-app-demo
REVISION CHANGE-CAUSE
1
2
查看replicasets列表,旧的包含pod为0
[root@node-1 ~]# kubectl get replicasets
NAME DESIRED CURRENT READY AGE
nginx-app-demo-5cc8746f96 4 4 4 9m2s
nginx-app-demo-7bdfd97dcd 0 0 0 155m
5、测试应用的升级情况,发现nginx已经升级到最新nginx/1.17.2版本
[root@node-1 ~]# curl -I http://10.102.1.1
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Server: nginx/1.17.2 #nginx版本信息
Date: Sun, 11 Aug 2019 16:30:03 GMT
Content-Type: text/html
Content-Length: 612
Last-Modified: Tue, 23 Jul 2019 11:45:37 GMT
Connection: keep-alive
ETag: "5d36f361-264"
Accept-Ranges: bytes
6、回滚到旧的版本
[root@node-1 ~]# kubectl rollout undo deployment nginx-app-demo --to-revision=1
deployment.extensions/nginx-app-demo rolled back
再次测应用,已经回滚到旧版本。
[root@node-1 ~]# curl -I http://10.102.1.1
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Server: nginx/1.7.9
Date: Sun, 11 Aug 2019 16:34:33 GMT
Content-Type: text/html
Content-Length: 612
Last-Modified: Tue, 23 Dec 2014 16:25:09 GMT
Connection: keep-alive
ETag: "54999765-264"
Accept-Ranges: bytes
写在最后:本文以命令行的方式实践探索kubernetes中涉及的最重要的几个概念:应用部署,负载均衡,弹性伸缩和滚动升级,并以命令行的形式实际操作,读者可以参照文档实现快速入门,后续会大部分以yaml文件的形式部署和kubernets交互。
参考文档
基础概念:https://kubernetes.io/docs/tutorials/kubernetes-basics/
部署应用:https://kubernetes.io/docs/tutorials/kubernetes-basics/deploy-app/deploy-intro/
访问应用:https://kubernetes.io/docs/tutorials/kubernetes-basics/explore/explore-intro/
外部访问:https://kubernetes.io/docs/tutorials/kubernetes-basics/expose/expose-intro/
访问应用:https://kubernetes.io/docs/tutorials/kubernetes-basics/scale/scale-intro/
滚动升级:https://kubernetes.io/docs/tutorials/kubernetes-basics/update/update-intro/
当你的才华撑不起你的野心时,你就应该静下心来学习
返回kubernetes系列教程目录