Linux：SElinux导致网站无法访问
通过更改SElinux状态可以判断出，当SElinux处于关闭状态时，网站内容访问正常。
[root@master1-192-168-117-18 ~]# setenforce 0
[root@master1-192-168-117-18 ~]# getenforce
Permissive
[root@master1-192-168-117-18 ~]# setenforce 1
[root@master1-192-168-117-18 ~]# getenforce 0
Enforcing
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查看网站的主目录的SElinux安全上下文值：
[root@master1-192-168-117-18 ~]# ls -Zd /var/www/html/
drwxr-xr-x. root root system_u:object_r:httpd_sys_content_t:s0 /var/www/html/
[root@master1-192-168-117-18 ~]# ls -Zd /home/wwwroot/
drwxr-xr-x. root root system_u:object_r:user_home_dir_t:s0 /home/wwwroot/
将新添加的主目录SElinux上下文值与系统默认主目录保持一致：
[root@master1-192-168-117-18 ~]# semanage fcontext -a -t httpd_sys_content_t /home/wwwroot/*
注意，执行上述设置之后，还无法立即访问网站，还需要使用restorecon命令将设置好的SELinux安全上下文立即生效。在使用restorecon命令时，可以加上-Rv参数对指定的目录进行递归操作，以及显示SELinux安全上下文的修改过程。
[root@master1-192-168-117-18 ~]# restorecon -Rv /home/wwwroot/
restorecon reset /home/wwwroot context system_u:object_r:user_home_dir_t:s0->system_u:object_r:httpd_sys_content_t:s0
restorecon reset /home/wwwroot/index.html context system_u:object_r:user_home_t:s0->system_u:object_r:httpd_sys_content_t:s0
[root@master1-192-168-117-18 ~]# ls -Zd /home/wwwroot/
drwxr-xr-x. root root system_u:object_r:httpd_sys_content_t:s0 /home/wwwroot/
[root@master1-192-168-117-18 ~]# ^C
个人用户主页功能
第1步：在httpd服务程序中，默认没有开启个人用户主页功能。为此，我们需要编辑下面的配置文件，然后在第17行的UserDir disabled参数前面加上井号（#），表示让httpd服务程序开启个人用户主页功能；同时再把第24行的UserDir public_html参数前面的井号（#）去掉（UserDir参数表示网站数据在用户家目录中的保存目录名称，即public_html目录）。最后，在修改完毕后记得保存。
[root@master1-192-168-117-18 ~]# vim /etc/httpd/conf.d/userdir.conf
1 #
2 # UserDir: The name of the directory that is appended onto a user's home
3 # directory if a ~user request is received.
4 #
5 # The path to the end user account 'public_html' directory must be
6 # accessible to the webserver userid. This usually means that ~userid
7 # must have permissions of 711, ~userid/public_html must have permissions
8 # of 755, and documents contained therein must be world-readable.
9 # Otherwise, the client will only receive a "403 Forbidden" message.
10 #
11
12 #
13 # UserDir is disabled by default since it can confirm the presence
14 # of a username on the system (depending on home directory
15 # permissions).
16 #
17 # UserDir disabled
18
19 #
20 # To enable requests to /~user/ to serve the user's public_html
21 # directory, remove the "UserDir disabled" line above, and uncomment
22 # the following line instead:
23 #
24 UserDir public_html
25
26
27 #
28 # Control access to UserDir directories. The following is an example
29 # for a site where these directories are restricted to read-only.
30 #
31
32 AllowOverride FileInfo AuthConfig Limit Indexes
33 Options MultiViews Indexes SymLinksIfOwnerMatch IncludesNoExec
34 Require method GET POST OPTIONS
35
"/etc/httpd/conf.d/userdir.conf" 36L, 1254C 已写入
第2步：在用户家目录中建立用于保存网站数据的目录及首页面文件。另外，还需要把家目录的权限修改为755，保证其他人也有权限读取里面的内容。
[aa@master1-192-168-117-18 ~]$ mkdir public_html
[aa@master1-192-168-117-18 ~]$ echo "世界那么大，我出去看看！" > public_html/index.html
[aa@master1-192-168-117-18 ~]$ chmod -Rf 755 /home/aa/
第3步：重新启动httpd服务程序，在浏览器的地址栏中输入网址，其格式为“网址/~用户名”（其中的波浪号是必需的，而且网址、波浪号、用户名之间没有空格），从理论上来讲就可以看到用户的个人网站了。不出所料的是，系统显示报错页面，如图10-9所示。这一定还是SELinux惹的祸。
第4步：使用getsebool命令查询并过滤出所有与HTTP协议相关的安全策略。其中，off为禁止状态，on为允许状态。
[root@master1-192-168-117-18 ~]# getsebool -a | grep http
httpd_anon_write --> off
httpd_builtin_scripting --> on
httpd_can_check_spam --> off
httpd_can_connect_ftp --> off
httpd_can_connect_ldap --> off
httpd_can_connect_mythtv --> off
httpd_can_connect_zabbix --> off
httpd_can_network_connect --> off
httpd_can_network_connect_cobbler --> off
httpd_can_network_connect_db --> off
httpd_can_network_memcache --> off
httpd_can_network_relay --> off
httpd_can_sendmail --> off
httpd_dbus_avahi --> off
httpd_dbus_sssd --> off
httpd_dontaudit_search_dirs --> off
httpd_enable_cgi --> on
httpd_enable_ftp_server --> off
httpd_enable_homedirs --> off
httpd_execmem --> off
httpd_graceful_shutdown --> on
httpd_manage_ipa --> off
httpd_mod_auth_ntlm_winbind --> off
httpd_mod_auth_pam --> off
httpd_read_user_content --> off
httpd_run_ipa --> off
httpd_run_preupgrade --> off
httpd_run_stickshift --> off
httpd_serve_cobbler_files --> off
httpd_setrlimit --> off
httpd_ssi_exec --> off
httpd_sys_script_anon_write --> off
httpd_tmp_exec --> off
httpd_tty_comm --> off
httpd_unified --> off
httpd_use_cifs --> off
httpd_use_fusefs --> off
httpd_use_gpg --> off
httpd_use_nfs --> off
httpd_use_openstack --> off
httpd_use_sasl --> off
httpd_verify_DNS --> off
named_tcp_bind_http_port --> off
prosody_bind_http_port --> off
[root@master1-192-168-117-18 ~]# setsebool -P httpd_enable_homedirs=on
通过身份验证访问网页
第1步：先使用htpasswd命令生成密码数据库。-c参数表示第一次生成；后面再分别添加密码数据库的存放文件，以及验证要用到的用户名称（该用户不必是系统中已有的本地账户）。
[root@master1-192-168-117-18 ~]# htpasswd -c /etc/httpd/passwd aa
New password:
Re-type new password:
Adding password for user aa
第2步：第2步：编辑个人用户主页功能的配置文件。随后保存并退出配置文件，重启httpd服务程序即可生效。
[root@master1-192-168-117-18 ~]# vim /etc/httpd/conf.d/userdir.conf
1 #
2 # UserDir: The name of the directory that is appended onto a user's home
3 # directory if a ~user request is received.
4 #
5 # The path to the end user account 'public_html' directory must be
6 # accessible to the webserver userid. This usually means that ~userid
7 # must have permissions of 711, ~userid/public_html must have permissions
8 # of 755, and documents contained therein must be world-readable.
9 # Otherwise, the client will only receive a "403 Forbidden" message.
10 #
11
12 #
13 # UserDir is disabled by default since it can confirm the presence
14 # of a username on the system (depending on home directory
15 # permissions).
16 #
17 # UserDir disabled
18
19 #
20 # To enable requests to /~user/ to serve the user's public_html
21 # directory, remove the "UserDir disabled" line above, and uncomment
22 # the following line instead:
23 #
24 UserDir public_html
25
26
27 #
28 # Control access to UserDir directories. The following is an example
29 # for a site where these directories are restricted to read-only.
30 #
31
32 AllowOverride all
33 authuserfile "/etc/httpd/passwd"
34 authname "My privately website"
35 authtype basic
36 require user aa
37
38
"/etc/httpd/conf.d/userdir.conf" 38L, 1217C 已写入
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